Category: Bible Study

Psalm 119:129-136: Verse by Verse Analysis

“Pe” (פ) is the seventeenth letter of the Hebrew alphabet and serves as the heading for the seventeenth section of Psalm 119 (verses 129-136). Each verse in this section begins with “Pe” in the original Hebrew, maintaining the acrostic structure of the psalm.

The symbolic meaning of “Pe” can be explored through several layers:

Literal Meaning and Symbolism: “Pe” means “mouth” in Hebrew, symbolizing speech, communication, and expression. In the context of Psalm 119, “Pe” could represent the expression of God’s will through His laws and the psalmist’s response through prayer and praise. It emphasizes the importance of verbalizing faith and the transformative power of God’s words.

Expression of Divine Wisdom: Given that “Pe” represents the mouth, it can symbolize how God’s commandments should be spoken and declared, reflecting the psalmist’s engagement in speaking, meditating on, and discussing God’s statutes. This act of verbalization can be seen as a way to internalize divine truths and live them out.

Gateway to Inner Being: Just as the mouth serves as both an entry and exit point for physical nourishment, “Pe” can be viewed as a metaphor for spiritual nourishment that enters through the absorption of God’s words and is expressed through the believer’s speech and actions. This underscores the reciprocal relationship between receiving God’s word and expressing it in daily life.

Power of the Spoken Word: “Pe” also reflects the creative and authoritative power of speech. In biblical tradition, words have the power to create realities and change circumstances. Thus, the psalmist’s use of “Pe” might underscore the power of God’s words to shape lives and influence the spiritual realm.

Transmission of Teaching: Since “Pe” relates to the mouth and, by extension, to teaching, it symbolizes the transmission of knowledge and wisdom. This aspect is significant in Psalm 119, as the psalmist continually seeks to learn from God’s decrees and to teach them to others, highlighting the educational and didactic nature of the scriptures.

In summary, “Pe” in Psalm 119 symbolizes the dynamic interaction between receiving divine instruction and expressing it through speech and action. It highlights the profound impact of God’s word in shaping the believer’s thoughts, words, and deeds, and underscores the importance of articulating one’s faith and understanding as integral parts of spiritual growth and discipleship.

Verse 129:

“Your statutes are wonderful; therefore I obey them.”

Reflection: The psalmist expresses awe at the wonder and excellence of God’s statutes, which motivates his obedience. This reverence is rooted in an understanding of the depth and wisdom embodied in God’s laws.

Cross-reference: Psalm 19:7 – “The law of the LORD is perfect, refreshing the soul. The statutes of the LORD are trustworthy, making wise the simple.”

Verse 130:

“The unfolding of your words gives light; it gives understanding to the simple.”

Reflection: The revelation of God’s words is described as giving light and clarity, especially to those who may lack wisdom. This light is both illuminating and instructive, making complex things clear and accessible.

Cross-reference: Proverbs 6:23 – “For this command is a lamp, this teaching is a light, and correction and instruction are the way to life.”

Verse 131:

“I open my mouth and pant, longing for your commands.”

Reflection: The psalmist describes a deep, almost physical craving for God’s commands, similar to a thirst or desperate need for air, highlighting the intensity of his desire to understand and follow God’s will.

Cross-reference: Psalm 42:1 – “As the deer pants for streams of water, so my soul pants for you, my God.”

Verse 132:

“Turn to me and have mercy on me, as you always do to those who love your name.”

Reflection: The psalmist seeks God’s mercy and attention, basing his plea on God’s known characteristic of being merciful to those who love Him. This reflects a relational understanding of God’s nature.

Cross-reference: Psalm 25:16 – “Turn to me and be gracious to me, for I am lonely and afflicted.”

Verse 133:

“Direct my footsteps according to your word; let no sin rule over me.”

Reflection: Here, the psalmist asks for guidance to walk in a way that aligns with God’s word and for protection against the dominion of sin, indicating a desire for a life led by divine direction and free from the enslavement of sin.

Cross-reference: Romans 6:14 – “For sin shall no longer be your master, because you are not under the law, but under grace.”

Verse 134:

“Redeem me from human oppression, that I may obey your precepts.”

Reflection: The psalmist pleads for deliverance from oppression so that he may freely follow God’s precepts, suggesting that external pressures can hinder spiritual obedience.

Cross-reference: Psalm 119:45 – “I will walk about in freedom, for I have sought out your precepts.”

Verse 135:

“Make your face shine on your servant and teach me your decrees.”

Reflection: The psalmist requests God’s favorable presence (His “face shining”) and continuous teaching, seeking both relational closeness and understanding of divine laws.

Cross-reference: Numbers 6:25 – “The LORD make his face shine on you and be gracious to you;”

Verse 136:

“Streams of tears flow from my eyes, for your law is not obeyed.”

Reflection: The psalmist is deeply grieved by the disobedience to God’s law observed around him, illustrating a profound emotional response to the neglect and violation of divine commandments.

Cross-reference: Jeremiah 9:1 – “Oh, that my head were a spring of water and my eyes a fountain of tears! I would weep day and night for the slain of my people.”

Key Takeaways from Psalm 119:129-136:

Reverence for God’s Law: The psalmist’s awe for God’s statutes underpins his commitment to obedience, illustrating how the divine perfection and wisdom inherent in God’s laws inspire faithful adherence.

Longing for Divine Guidance and Mercy: There is a deep-seated yearning for God’s guidance and merciful intervention in the psalmist’s life, highlighting the continuous need for divine direction to navigate life’s challenges.

Impact of God’s Word: The unfolding of God’s words brings enlightenment and understanding, emphasizing the transformative power of divine revelation in providing clarity and wisdom.

Emotional Response to Disobedience: The psalmist’s profound sorrow over the non-adherence to God’s laws by others shows a compassionate and empathetic heart, pained by any deviation from divine commandments.

“Ayin” (ע) is the sixteenth letter of the Hebrew alphabet and serves as the heading for the sixteenth section of Psalm 119 (verses 121-128). Each verse in this section begins with “Ayin” in the original Hebrew, continuing the acrostic structure of the psalm.

The symbolic meaning of “Ayin” can be explored in several ways:

Literal Meaning and Symbolism: “Ayin” literally means “eye” in Hebrew, symbolizing sight and perception. In the context of Psalm 119, “Ayin” can represent the spiritual insight and understanding that the psalmist seeks through God’s laws. It emphasizes the need for inner vision and divine guidance to correctly perceive and follow the path laid out by God’s commandments.

Spiritual Insight: The association with the eye suggests a deeper level of seeing or understanding, beyond the physical. This reflects the psalmist’s desire for a profound spiritual discernment that goes beyond mere external adherence to God’s laws, aiming for a heartfelt comprehension and internalization of divine truths.

Judgment and Awareness: In biblical Hebrew, “Ayin” is also associated with the idea of judgment. This connects well with the themes of the verses in this section of Psalm 119, where the psalmist speaks about dealing with injustices and observing God’s laws amidst a corrupt environment. It highlights the psalmist’s call for divine judgment and his awareness of the moral landscape around him.

Divine Oversight: Given that “Ayin” symbolizes an eye, it can also denote the omnipresence and watchfulness of God. The psalmist is conscious of living under God’s watchful eye, which reassures him of divine protection and accountability.

Window to the Soul: As the eye is often considered the window to the soul, “Ayin” might symbolize the opening of the heart and mind to God’s teachings. This interpretation fits with the psalmist’s quest for internal transformation through the embrace of God’s statutes and decrees.

In summary, “Ayin” in Psalm 119 symbolizes the need for spiritual sight and deeper understanding, the pursuit of divine judgment against injustice, the comforting presence of God’s watchful oversight, and the openness to being transformed by the truths of God’s Word. These themes reflect a holistic approach to living a life of faith, guided by the principles of God’s laws and the wisdom they impart.

Psalm 119:121-128: Verse by Verse Analysis

Verse 121:

“I have done what is righteous and just; do not leave me to my oppressors.”

Reflection: The psalmist asserts his commitment to righteousness and justice and seeks protection from those who might oppress him, reflecting a reliance on God’s deliverance in the face of injustice.

Cross-reference: Psalm 26:1 – “Vindicate me, Lord, for I have led a blameless life; I have trusted in the Lord and have not faltered.”

Verse 122:

“Ensure your servant’s well-being; do not let the arrogant oppress me.”

Reflection: Here, the psalmist asks God to guarantee his safety and protect him from the arrogance and potentially harmful actions of others, emphasizing his vulnerability and need for divine safeguarding.

Cross-reference: Psalm 140:4 – “Keep me safe, Lord, from the hands of the wicked; protect me from the violent, who devise ways to trip my feet.”

Verse 123:

“My eyes fail, looking for your salvation, and for the fulfillment of your righteous promise.”

Reflection: The psalmist describes his intense anticipation and longing for God’s deliverance and the fulfillment of His promises, indicating both physical and emotional exhaustion from waiting.

Cross-reference: Isaiah 38:14 – “Like a crane or a swallow, so did I chatter; I did moan like a dove; my eyes fail with looking upward. O Lord, I am oppressed; undertake for me.”

Verse 124:

“Deal with your servant according to your love and teach me your decrees.”

Reflection: The psalmist pleads for God to treat him with mercy and love, asking also to be taught God’s statutes, indicating a desire for both understanding and experiencing God’s compassionate character.

Cross-reference: Psalm 25:4-5 – “Show me your ways, Lord, teach me your paths. Guide me in your truth and teach me, for you are God my Savior, and my hope is in you all day long.”

Verse 125:

“I am your servant; give me discernment that I may understand your statutes.”

Reflection: Asserting his status as God’s servant, the psalmist requests the ability to discern and understand God’s laws more deeply, emphasizing his dedication and need for divine insight.

Cross-reference: 1 Kings 3:9 – “Give your servant therefore an understanding mind to govern your people, that I may discern between good and evil, for who is able to govern this your great people?”

Verse 126:

“It is time for you to act, Lord; your law is being broken.”

Reflection: Observing widespread disregard for God’s laws, the psalmist calls for divine intervention, suggesting an urgent need for God to restore order and uphold His statutes.

Cross-reference: Ecclesiastes 3:17 – “I said to myself, ‘God will bring into judgment both the righteous and the wicked, for there will be a time for every activity, a time to judge every deed.'”

Verse 127:

“Because I love your commands more than gold, more than pure gold,”

Reflection: The psalmist expresses an intense love for God’s commands, valuing them above even the greatest earthly wealth, highlighting the supreme value he places on divine wisdom.

Cross-reference: Proverbs 8:10 – “Choose my instruction instead of silver, knowledge rather than choice gold.”

Verse 128:

“and because I consider all your precepts right, I hate every wrong path.”

Reflection: Due to his deep respect and agreement with all of God’s precepts, the psalmist rejects anything contrary to them. His commitment to God’s laws leads him to despise any form of evil or wrongdoing.

Cross-reference: Proverbs 8:13 – “To fear the Lord is to hate evil; I hate pride and arrogance, evil behavior and perverse speech.”

Key Takeaways from Psalm 119:121-128:

Seeking Divine Justice and Protection: The psalmist’s pleas for justice and protection reflect his reliance on God to uphold righteousness amidst prevailing injustices. He appeals for divine intervention to safeguard him from oppressors and ensure his well-being.

Longing for God’s Intervention: Intense anticipation for God’s deliverance and action is underscored throughout these verses. The psalmist’s sense of urgency for God to act against those who disregard His laws highlights his deep commitment to divine order and justice.

Valuing Divine Wisdom Above Wealth: The psalmist expresses a profound love and preference for God’s commands over material riches, emphasizing the supreme value he places on divine wisdom and guidance, which he regards as far superior to gold.

Commitment to Righteous Paths: By aligning completely with God’s precepts and expressing disdain for any form of wrongdoing, the psalmist demonstrates his commitment to living a life strictly guided by divine statutes. His aversion to evil paths reflects his moral integrity and dedication to righteousness.

Desire for Deep Understanding: The psalmist’s request for discernment and deeper understanding of God’s statutes indicates a desire to not only follow but fully comprehend and internalize God’s laws. This pursuit of knowledge is seen as essential for maintaining fidelity to God’s commands in daily life.

“Samekh” (ס) is the fifteenth letter of the Hebrew alphabet and serves as the heading for the fifteenth section of Psalm 119 (verses 113-120). Each verse in this section begins with “Samekh” in the original Hebrew, continuing the acrostic structure of the psalm.

The symbolic meaning of “Samekh” can be understood through several perspectives:

Literal Meaning and Symbolism: “Samekh” literally means “support” or “prop” in Hebrew. This symbolism resonates with the idea of God as a support system for believers, which aligns with the themes of Psalm 119, where the psalmist often seeks God’s support and protection in times of trouble and uncertainty.

Circle of Protection: The shape of “Samekh” resembles a circle, which traditionally symbolizes completeness, protection, and continuity. In the context of Psalm 119, this could represent the encompassing and never-ending protection and guidance provided by God’s laws, encircling the believer with divine care and wisdom.

Endurance and Strength: Given its association with support, “Samekh” can also symbolize the enduring strength and stability that God’s commandments provide to those who adhere to them. This is reflective of the psalmist’s experiences and prayers for sustenance and deliverance through adherence to God’s word.

Divine Embrace and Inclusiveness: The circular shape of “Samekh” can evoke the concept of an embrace, suggesting the inclusive nature of God’s love and the welcoming embrace of His laws for all who seek refuge in them. This idea is echoed in the psalmist’s descriptions of taking refuge in God’s decrees and finding comfort in them.

Continuous Cycle of Spiritual Learning: The continuous loop of “Samekh” may also represent the ongoing cycle of learning, obeying, and meditating on God’s laws, which is a central theme throughout Psalm 119. This cycle reinforces the concept of lifelong spiritual development and growth facilitated by engagement with the divine teachings.

In summary, “Samekh” in Psalm 119 symbolizes the supportive, protective, and all-encompassing nature of God’s commandments. It highlights the idea that God’s laws are not only rules to follow but also provide spiritual support, protection, and an enduring foundation that helps believers navigate their lives with wisdom and integrity.

Psalm 119:113-120: Verse by Verse Analysis

Verse 113:

“I hate double-minded people, but I love your law.”

Reflection: The psalmist expresses disdain for those who are inconsistent or wavering in their commitments, contrasting this with his steadfast love for God’s law, which is constant and reliable.

Cross-reference: James 1:8 “Such a person is double-minded and unstable in all they do.”

Verse 114:

“You are my refuge and my shield; I have put my hope in your word.”

Reflection: God is described as a protector and a safe place, with the psalmist’s hope anchored in the reliability of God’s promises as revealed through His word.

Cross-reference: Psalm 18:2 “The Lord is my rock, my fortress, and my deliverer; my God is my rock, in whom I take refuge, my shield and the horn of my salvation, my stronghold.”

Verse 115:

“Away from me, you evildoers, that I may keep the commands of my God!”

Reflection: The psalmist seeks to distance himself from the wicked, indicating a desire to remain pure and obedient without negative influences that could divert his focus from God’s commands.

Cross-reference: Psalm 6:8 “Depart from me, all you who do evil, for the Lord has heard my weeping.”

Verse 116:

“Sustain me, my God, according to your promise, and I will live; do not let my hopes be dashed.”

Reflection: The psalmist asks God to sustain him as promised, linking his survival and hope directly to the faithfulness of God’s word.

Cross-reference: Psalm 119:28 “My soul is weary with sorrow; strengthen me according to your word.”

Verse 117:

“Hold me up, and I will be safe and always have regard for your statutes.”

Reflection: Requesting God’s support to remain steadfast, the psalmist commits to continually obeying God’s laws, viewing divine support as essential for his safety and compliance.

Cross-reference: Psalm 17:5 “My steps have held fast to your paths; my feet have not slipped.”

Verse 118:

“You reject all who stray from your decrees, for their deceitfulness is in vain.”

Reflection: The psalmist acknowledges that those who deviate from God’s laws are ultimately rejected by God, pointing out the futility of their deceitful ways.

Cross-reference: Psalm 101:7 “No one who practices deceit will dwell in my house; no one who speaks falsely will stand in my presence.”

Verse 119:

“All the wicked of the earth you discard like dross; therefore I love your statutes.”

Reflection: Comparing the wicked to dross (impurities found in metal), the psalmist highlights God’s action of purifying the earth by removing the wicked, which reaffirms his love for God’s pure and just statutes.

Cross-reference: Proverbs 25:4-5 “Remove the dross from the silver, and a silversmith can produce a vessel; remove wicked officials from the king’s presence, and his throne will be established through righteousness.”

Verse 120:

“My flesh trembles in fear of you; I stand in awe of your laws.”

Reflection: The psalmist experiences a physical reaction to his reverence for God, with fear and awe directed not just towards God himself but also towards His commandments.

Cross-reference: Isaiah 66:2 “Has not my hand made all these things, and so they came into being?” declares the Lord. “These are the ones I look on with favor: those who are humble and contrite in spirit, and who tremble at my word.”

Key Takeaways from Psalm 119:113-120:

Love for God’s Law Amidst Disdain for Inconsistency: The psalmist contrasts his steadfast love for God’s law with his disdain for those who are double-minded, emphasizing the importance of consistency and integrity in one’s spiritual journey.

Dependence on God for Protection and Sustenance: Throughout these verses, the psalmist expresses a profound reliance on God as both a refuge and a source of life. He underscores the need for divine support to maintain his commitment to God’s statutes and to ensure his hopes are fulfilled.

Commitment to Purity and Obedience: The psalmist seeks to distance himself from evildoers, highlighting his determination to stay pure and obedient. This reflects a proactive stance in preserving his spiritual integrity.

Recognition of Divine Justice: Acknowledging the consequences for those who stray from God’s decrees, the psalmist recognizes the righteousness and justice of God’s ways, even when it involves the rejection of the deceitful and wicked.

Reverence and Awe for God’s Commands: The psalmist not only fears God in a traditional sense but also shows deep respect for His laws, experiencing a physical and emotional reaction to the power and sanctity of God’s word.

“Nun” (נ) is the fourteenth letter of the Hebrew alphabet and serves as the heading for the fourteenth section of Psalm 119 (verses 105-112). Each verse in this section begins with “Nun” in the original Hebrew, maintaining the acrostic pattern of the psalm.

The symbolic meaning of “Nun” can be explored in several dimensions:

Literal Meaning and Symbolism: “Nun” means “fish” in Aramaic, symbolizing activity and life due to the constant movement of fish in water. In the context of Psalm 119, “Nun” can represent the vitality and dynamism of living according to God’s Word. The idea of being spiritually alive and active, guided by divine laws, is mirrored in the section led by this letter.

Continuity and Faithfulness: In Jewish tradition, “Nun” is also associated with the concept of faithfulness and continuity. This aligns with the themes of Psalm 119, where the steadfastness of the psalmist in adhering to God’s laws despite trials is emphasized. “Nun” symbolizes the continuous and faithful journey in the life of a believer who is committed to following God’s statutes.

Falling and Rising: The letter “Nun” has a unique aspect in its mid-word and final forms, where the final form can symbolize a faithful person who falls and then rises, analogous to a righteous person who faces challenges but gets back up. This symbolism is poignant in the section of Psalm 119 headed by “Nun,” particularly in verse 105, which speaks of God’s word as a lamp to the feet, guiding the believer through difficulties.

Protection and Guidance: The shape of the letter “Nun” is thought to represent both faith and the faithfulness of God as a protective, guiding force. This reflects the protective guidance provided by God’s word in the life of the believer, as noted in the verses of this section.

Hidden and Revealed Wisdom: In Kabbalistic traditions, “Nun” represents both the hidden and revealed aspects of wisdom. This dual aspect can be connected to the ways in which the scriptures provide both obvious guidance and deeper, sometimes hidden lessons that are revealed through meditation and study, much like the psalmist describes meditating on God’s laws all day.

In summary, “Nun” in Psalm 119 symbolizes the spiritual vitality and active pursuit of living according to God’s laws, the faithfulness required to follow these laws, the resilience needed to rise after falling, and the deep, sometimes hidden wisdom found within God’s word. These themes reflect the life of a believer who is deeply committed to navigating the complexities of life with the guidance and light of divine statutes.

Psalm 119:105-112: Verse by Verse Analysis

Verse 105:

Text: “Your word is a lamp to my feet and a light to my path.”

Reflection: The psalmist describes God’s Word as providing guidance and illumination for life’s journey, preventing missteps and showing the right way forward.

Cross-reference: Proverbs 6:23 – “For this command is a lamp, this teaching is a light, and correction and instruction are the way to life.”

Verse 106:

Text: “I have taken an oath and confirmed it, that I will follow your righteous laws.”

Reflection: The psalmist commits solemnly to adhering to God’s laws, emphasizing the seriousness with which he approaches his dedication to divine guidance.

Cross-reference: Deuteronomy 26:17 – “You have declared this day that the Lord is your God and that you will walk in his ways, that you will keep his decrees, commands and laws, and that you will obey him.”

Verse 107:

Text: “I have suffered much; preserve my life, LORD, according to your word.”

Reflection: Despite experiencing great suffering, the psalmist pleads for divine preservation, trusting that God will uphold him as promised in the Scriptures.

Cross-reference: Psalm 119:50 – “My comfort in my suffering is this: Your promise preserves my life.”

Verse 108:

Text: “Accept, LORD, the willing praise of my mouth, and teach me your laws.”

Reflection: The psalmist offers his praise willingly and asks for further understanding of God’s laws, seeking to deepen his relationship with God through learning and obedience.

Cross-reference: Psalm 51:15 – “Open my lips, Lord, and my mouth will declare your praise.”

Verse 109:

Text: “Though I constantly take my life in my hands, I will not forget your law.”

Reflection: Despite constant danger that threatens his life, the psalmist remains committed to remembering and following God’s law.

Cross-reference: Job 13:15 – “Though he slay me, yet will I hope in him; I will surely defend my ways to his face.”

Verse 110:

Text: “The wicked have set a snare for me, but I have not strayed from your precepts.”

Reflection: Even when faced with traps set by the wicked, the psalmist stays true to God’s precepts, demonstrating steadfastness in his faith.

Cross-reference: Psalm 141:9 – “Keep me from the snares they have laid for me, from the traps set by evildoers.”

Verse 111:

Text: “Your statutes are my heritage forever; they are the joy of my heart.”

Reflection: The psalmist views God’s statutes as a lasting inheritance, finding deep joy and satisfaction in them, more than any material possession.

Cross-reference: Psalm 16:5-6 – “LORD, you alone are my portion and my cup; you make my lot secure. The boundary lines have fallen for me in pleasant places; surely I have a delightful inheritance.”

Verse 112:

Text: “My heart is set on keeping your decrees to the very end.”

Reflection: With a resolute heart, the psalmist commits to obeying God’s decrees for his entire life, underscoring a lifelong dedication to following God’s will.

Cross-reference: Philippians 3:14 – “I press on toward the goal to win the prize for which God has called me heavenward in Christ Jesus.”

Key Takeaways from Psalm 119:105-112:

Guidance and Illumination: God’s Word is essential for navigating life, serving as a lamp and light that guides the believer’s path, ensuring they walk in righteousness and avoid the pitfalls of darkness.

Commitment to Righteousness: The psalmist’s firm commitment to obey God’s laws, evidenced by his oath, underscores the seriousness and depth of his dedication to living a life guided by divine principles.

Perseverance Amidst Adversity: Despite experiencing great suffering and constant danger, the psalmist’s resolve to adhere to God’s laws does not waver. His faith provides the strength to endure hardships while maintaining a steadfast focus on God’s commandments.

Joy and Inheritance: God’s statutes are valued not just as rules to follow but as a cherished inheritance that brings enduring joy to the psalmist’s heart. This spiritual heritage is seen as more rewarding and sustaining than any earthly possession.

Lifelong Dedication: The psalmist expresses a lifelong commitment to following God’s decrees, illustrating a continuous and unending pursuit of living in accordance with God’s will, setting an example of unwavering faith and obedience.

“Mem” (מ) is the thirteenth letter of the Hebrew alphabet and serves as the heading for the thirteenth section of Psalm 119 (verses 97-104). Each verse in this section begins with “Mem” in the original Hebrew, continuing the acrostic structure of the psalm.

The symbolic meaning of “Mem” can be understood through several facets:

Literal Meaning and Symbolism: “Mem” represents “water” in Hebrew, symbolizing fluidity, life, cleansing, and power. In the context of Psalm 119, “Mem” could signify the life-giving and purifying qualities of God’s Word, much like water sustains and cleanses life.

Source of Life: Just as water is essential for physical life, God’s Word is crucial for spiritual life. “Mem” in this section might represent the idea that the Scriptures are a vital source of nourishment and growth for the believer, essential for spiritual sustenance and flourishing.

Cleansing and Renewal: Water is often symbolic of cleansing and renewal. This symbolism aligns with the psalmist’s expressions about the transformative and renewing power of God’s laws, which cleanse the soul and renew the spirit.

Depth and Mystery: Water can also symbolize depth and the unknown. This aspect of “Mem” can reflect the depth and richness of God’s Word, which can be endlessly explored and always holds deeper truths to uncover.

Flow and Adaptability: The properties of water to flow and adapt to its container might symbolize the adaptability of God’s Word to provide guidance and wisdom in various circumstances of life. It suggests that the Scripture is dynamic and applicable across different situations, providing tailored guidance that fits the contours of each believer’s life.

In summary, “Mem” in Psalm 119 symbolizes the essential, life-giving, cleansing, deep, and adaptable nature of God’s Word. It highlights how the Scriptures are as vital to the spirit as water is to the body, offering nourishment, purification, and profound insight into living a life aligned with divine will.

Psalm 119:97-104: Verse by Verse Analysis

Verse 97:

Text: “Oh, how I love your law! It is my meditation all the day.”

Reflection: The psalmist expresses an intense love for God’s law, indicating that it occupies his thoughts continually throughout the day. This continuous meditation reflects a deep, personal engagement with scripture.

Cross-reference: Joshua 1:8 – “Keep this Book of the Law always on your lips; meditate on it day and night, so that you may be careful to do everything written in it. Then you will be prosperous and successful.”

Verse 98:

Text: “Your commands make me wiser than my enemies, for they are ever with me.”

Reflection: God’s commands provide the psalmist with wisdom that surpasses that of his adversaries. This wisdom is not occasional but constant, as the commandments are a perpetual guide.

Cross-reference: James 1:5 – “If any of you lacks wisdom, let him ask God, who gives generously to all without finding fault, and it will be given to him.”

Verse 99:

Text: “I have more insight than all my teachers, for I meditate on your statutes.”

Reflection: Through diligent meditation on God’s statutes, the psalmist has gained more understanding than his educators, highlighting the value of personal study and reflection on God’s Word over traditional learning alone.

Cross-reference: Job 32:8 – “But it is the spirit in a person, the breath of the Almighty, that gives them understanding.”

Verse 100:

Text: “I have more understanding than the elders, for I obey your precepts.”

Reflection: Adherence to God’s precepts has endowed the psalmist with greater understanding than even the elders, suggesting that spiritual insight is linked to practical obedience.

Cross-reference: 1 John 2:3-6 – “We know that we have come to know him if we keep his commands.”

Verse 101:

Text: “I have kept my feet from every evil path so that I might obey your word.”

Reflection: The psalmist has intentionally avoided evil ways to remain faithful to God’s Word, emphasizing the conscious effort required to live righteously.

Cross-reference: Proverbs 1:15 – “My son, do not go along with them, do not set foot on their paths;”

Verse 102:

Text: “I have not departed from your laws, for you yourself have taught me.”

Reflection: Divine teaching has kept the psalmist loyal to God’s laws, reinforcing that his obedience is not just a matter of self-discipline but also divine instruction.

Cross-reference: John 14:26 – “But the Advocate, the Holy Spirit, whom the Father will send in my name, will teach you all things and will remind you of everything I have said to you.”

Verse 103:

Text: “How sweet are your words to my taste, sweeter than honey to my mouth!”

Reflection: The psalmist finds great delight in God’s words, describing them as sweeter than honey, which speaks to the joy and satisfaction found in scripture.

Cross-reference: Ezekiel 3:3 – “Then he said to me, ‘Son of man, eat this scroll I am giving you and fill your stomach with it.’ So I ate it, and it tasted as sweet as honey in my mouth.”

Verse 104:

Text: “I gain understanding from your precepts; therefore I hate every wrong path.”

Reflection: Understanding gained from God’s precepts leads the psalmist to despise all forms of wickedness, demonstrating how true wisdom influences moral choices.

Cross-reference: Proverbs 8:13 – “To fear the Lord is to hate evil; I hate pride and arrogance, evil behavior and perverse speech.”

Key Takeaways from Psalm 119:97-104:

• Continuous Meditation on Scripture: The psalmist’s constant meditation on God’s law is central to gaining wisdom and insight, underscoring the transformative power of engaging deeply with scripture.
• Wisdom Beyond Human Teaching: By adhering to God’s commands and meditating on His statutes, the psalmist attains wisdom that surpasses even that of his elders and teachers, illustrating that divine wisdom transcends human knowledge.
• Delight in God’s Word: The psalmist experiences profound joy in God’s commands,

“Lamedh” (ל) is the twelfth letter of the Hebrew alphabet and serves as the heading for the twelfth section of Psalm 119 (verses 89-96). Each verse in this section begins with “Lamedh” in the original Hebrew, maintaining the acrostic pattern of the psalm.

The symbolic meaning of “Lamedh” can be explored in various dimensions:

Literal Meaning and Symbolism: “Lamedh” literally means “to learn” or “to teach” in Hebrew. This connection highlights the themes of learning and instruction that are central to Psalm 119. In this context, “Lamedh” represents the learning and application of God’s law, underscoring the psalmist’s dedication to understanding and living out the teachings of the scriptures.

Shape and Representation: The shape of the letter “Lamedh” is unique as it is the tallest letter in the Hebrew alphabet and is said to represent a tower reaching from the earth to the heavens. Symbolically, this can illustrate the connection between human and divine, suggesting that God’s laws provide a bridge or conduit through which humans can reach toward divine understanding and spirituality.

Authority and Guidance: “Lamedh” is considered to signify authority and control, reflecting the authoritative nature of God’s word as a guide for life. This symbolizes the ultimate authority of the scriptures and their role in guiding the moral and spiritual walk of believers.

Heart of Wisdom: In Jewish thought, “Lamedh” is sometimes associated with the “heart,” implying a deep, internalized wisdom. This correlates with the psalmist’s expressions about the depth and richness of God’s commandments, which are more than rules—they are deep insights into life and conduits of wisdom.

Role of Instruction in Spiritual Growth: Given its association with teaching and learning, “Lamedh” emphasizes the ongoing process of spiritual education through God’s word. It represents the continuous growth in understanding and the never-ending journey of aligning one’s life more closely with divine precepts.

In summary, “Lamedh” in Psalm 119 symbolizes the profound relationship between learning God’s laws and reaching towards spiritual maturity. It highlights the role of God’s commandments as authoritative guidance for living, the deep wisdom contained within the scriptures, and the connection they provide between earthly existence and divine truth. Through the lens of “Lamedh,” the psalmist portrays the scriptures as both a foundational learning tool and a bridge to higher spiritual understanding.

Psalm 119:89-96: Verse by Verse Analysis

Verse 89:

Text: “Your word, Lord, is eternal; it stands firm in the heavens.”

Reflection: The psalmist emphasizes the unchanging and everlasting nature of God’s word, highlighting its stability and permanence.

Cross-reference: Isaiah 40:8 – “The grass withers and the flowers fall, but the word of our God endures forever.”

Verse 90:

Text: “Your faithfulness continues through all generations; you established the earth, and it endures.”

Reflection: This verse connects God’s faithfulness with the enduring creation, suggesting that just as the earth remains, so does God’s reliability from one generation to the next.

Cross-reference: Lamentations 3:23 – “Great is your faithfulness.”

Verse 91:

Text: “Your laws endure to this day, for all things serve you.”

Reflection: The psalmist observes that all of creation adheres to God’s laws, underscoring the idea that God’s ordinances are not only enduring but also universal.

Cross-reference: Colossians 1:16-17 – “For in him all things were created: things in heaven and on earth, visible and invisible, whether thrones or powers or rulers or authorities; all things have been created through him and for him.”

Verse 92:

Text: “If your law had not been my delight, I would have perished in my affliction.”

Reflection: Reflecting on personal hardships, the psalmist credits his survival to the joy and strength found in God’s law.

Cross-reference: Job 23:12 – “I have not departed from the commands of his lips; I have treasured the words of his mouth more than my daily bread.”

Verse 93:

Text: “I will never forget your precepts, for by them you have preserved my life.”

Reflection: Committing to remember God’s teachings, the psalmist acknowledges that these precepts have been life-saving.

Cross-reference: Deuteronomy 6:24 – “The Lord commanded us to obey all these decrees and to fear the Lord our God, so that we might always prosper and be kept alive, as is the case today.”

Verse 94:

Text: “Save me, for I am yours; I have sought out your precepts.”

Reflection: Declaring himself to belong to God, the psalmist seeks salvation, grounding his plea in his pursuit of God’s laws.

Cross-reference: Psalm 86:2 – “Guard my life, for I am faithful to you; save your servant who trusts in you. You are my God;”

Verse 95:

Text: “The wicked are waiting to destroy me, but I will ponder your statutes.”

Reflection: Despite threats from the wicked, the psalmist remains focused on studying and reflecting on God’s statutes.

Cross-reference: Psalm 37:32 – “The wicked lie in wait for the righteous, intent on putting them to death;”

Verse 96:

Text: “To all perfection I see a limit, but your commands are boundless.”

Reflection: The psalmist observes that everything else has limitations, but God’s commands are limitless and infinitely profound.

Cross-reference: Ecclesiastes 3:11 – “He has made everything beautiful in its time. He has also set eternity in the human heart; yet no one can fathom what God has done from beginning to end.”

Key Takeaways from Psalm 119:89-96:

Eternal and Unchanging Word: The psalmist highlights the eternal, unchanging nature of God’s word, which serves as a stable foundation in the believer’s life.

Faithfulness of God Across Generations: God’s faithfulness is depicted as enduring and reliable, extending through all generations and mirrored in the consistent order of creation.

Sustaining Power of God’s Law: Reflecting on personal experiences of affliction, the psalmist credits God’s precepts with providing not only physical but also spiritual sustenance and protection.

Permanence of Divine Commands: In a world where all things have limits, God’s commands stand out as limitless, offering boundless wisdom and guidance.

Resolute Focus on God’s Word: Despite adversities and external threats, the psalmist’s commitment to meditate on and adhere to God’s statutes

“Kaph” (כ) is the eleventh letter of the Hebrew alphabet and serves as the heading for the eleventh section of Psalm 119 (verses 81-88). In this section, as with others, each verse begins with “Kaph” in the original Hebrew text, continuing the acrostic structure that characterizes the psalm.

The symbolic meaning of “Kaph” can be understood in several ways:

Literal Meaning and Symbolism: “Kaph” means “palm” of the hand in Hebrew. This can symbolize openness to receive, hold, or offer something. In the context of Psalm 119, “Kaph” could represent the psalmist’s openness to receiving God’s teachings and blessings, holding onto God’s promises, and offering prayers and obedience in return.

Protection and Care: The image of a palm can also evoke notions of protection (as in covering) and care (as in cradling). This aligns with the themes of Psalm 119, where the psalmist seeks God’s protection and care through adherence to His commandments, especially amidst affliction and persecution.

Human Effort and Divine Provision: The hand is a symbol of human action and effort. “Kaph,” therefore, might signify the interaction between human effort—in studying, understanding, and following God’s law—and divine provision, where God offers guidance, strength, and comfort through His word.

Gesture of Prayer and Supplication: Hands are often used in prayer as a gesture of supplication and devotion. This could reflect the psalmist’s prayers for understanding, deliverance, and the strength to remain faithful to God’s statutes, symbolizing a continuous dialogue between the believer and the divine.

Capacity to Act and Create: Given its association with the hand, “Kaph” can symbolize the capacity to act and to create. In Psalm 119, this might represent the creative and transformative power of God’s word in the believer’s life, enabling action in accordance with divine will and contributing to the believer’s spiritual growth and development.

In summary, “Kaph” in Psalm 119 symbolizes the psalmist’s openness to receiving divine wisdom, seeking protection and care through God’s commandments, the interplay of human effort with divine guidance, the importance of prayerful supplication, and the capacity for action and transformation under the guidance of God’s word.

Psalm 119:81-88: Verse by Verse Analysis

Verse 81:

Text: “My soul faints with longing for your salvation, but I have put my hope in your word.”

Reflection: The psalmist expresses a deep, consuming desire for God’s deliverance, indicating a state of exhaustion from waiting yet maintains hope through God’s promises.

Cross-reference: Lamentations 3:25-26 – “The Lord is good to those whose hope is in him, to the one who seeks him; it is good to wait quietly for the salvation of the Lord.”

Verse 82:

Text: “My eyes fail, looking for your promise; I say, ‘When will you comfort me?'”

Reflection: A vivid depiction of the psalmist’s eagerness for God’s fulfillment of His promise, showing physical and emotional strain from waiting for divine consolation.

Cross-reference: Isaiah 40:31 – “But those who hope in the Lord will renew their strength. They will soar on wings like eagles; they will run and not grow weary, they will walk and not be faint.”

Verse 83:

Text: “Though I am like a wineskin in the smoke, I do not forget your decrees.”

Reflection: Despite feeling dried out and withered from trials, similar to a wineskin exposed to smoke, the psalmist remains committed to God’s laws.

Cross-reference: James 1:12 – “Blessed is the one who perseveres under trial because, having stood the test, that person will receive the crown of life that the Lord has promised to those who love him.”

Verse 84:

Text: “How long must your servant wait? When will you punish those who persecute me?”

Reflection: An expression of impatience and longing for justice, the psalmist questions the timing of God’s intervention against his adversaries.

Cross-reference: Revelation 6:10 – “They called out in a loud voice, ‘How long, Sovereign Lord, holy and true, until you judge the inhabitants of the earth and avenge our blood?'”

Verse 85:

Text: “The arrogant dig pits to trap me, contrary to your law.”

Reflection: The psalmist describes the deceitful tactics of the arrogant who actively work against him in ways that violate God’s law.

Cross-reference: Psalm 7:15-16 – “Whoever digs a hole and scoops it out falls into the pit they have made. The trouble they cause recoils on them; their violence comes down on their own heads.”

Verse 86:

Text: “All your commands are trustworthy; help me, for I am being persecuted without cause.”

Reflection: Affirming the reliability of God’s commands, the psalmist seeks divine assistance amidst undeserved persecution.

Cross-reference: 2 Timothy 3:12 – “In fact, everyone who wants to live a godly life in Christ Jesus will be persecuted.”

Verse 87:

Text: “They almost wiped me from the earth, but I have not forsaken your precepts.”

Reflection: Despite the severity of his trials, to the point of nearly being destroyed, the psalmist’s dedication to God’s precepts remains unshaken.

Cross-reference: Job 17:9 – “The righteous keep moving forward, and those with clean hands become stronger and stronger.”

Verse 88:

Text: “In your unfailing love preserve my life, that I may obey the statutes of your mouth.”

Reflection: The psalmist appeals for life preservation, motivated by a desire to continue living in obedience to God’s statutes, highlighting the intertwining of divine love and the commitment to God’s commandments.

Cross-reference: Psalm 36:7 – “How priceless is your unfailing love, O God! People take refuge in the shadow of your wings.”

Key Takeaways from Psalm 119:81-88:

Longing for Deliverance and Divine Justice: These verses vividly portray the psalmist’s intense longing for salvation and yearning for God’s justice, emphasizing the tension between enduring suffering and maintaining hope in God’s promises.

Resilience Amidst Adversity: Despite facing significant trials and persecution, the psalmist’s adherence to God’s decrees remains steadfast, showcasing the strength of faith even when faced with the prospect of destruction.

Trust in God’s Unfailing Love: The psalmist’s appeals for preservation and help are rooted in trust in God’s unfailing love, highlighting the belief that divine compassion is the foundation for enduring obedience to God’s statutes.

The Virtue of Patience in Suffering: The expressions of waiting, questioning the timing of God’s intervention, and enduring persecution underscore the virtue of patience, as the psalmist navigates the challenges of maintaining faithfulness amidst suffering.

Affirmation of God’s Commandments: Amidst the challenges, there is a continual affirmation of the trustworthiness and value of God’s commands, which serve as a guide and source of hope for the beleaguered believer.

Mark 16:1-7 NIV‬ When the Sabbath was over, Mary Magdalene, Mary the mother of James, and Salome bought spices so that they might go to anoint Jesus’ body. [2] Very early on the first day of the week, just after sunrise, they were on their way to the tomb [3] and they asked each other, “Who will roll the stone away from the entrance of the tomb?” [4] But when they looked up, they saw that the stone, which was very large, had been rolled away. [5] As they entered the tomb, they saw a young man dressed in a white robe sitting on the right side, and they were alarmed. [6] “Don’t be alarmed,” he said. “You are looking for Jesus the Nazarene, who was crucified. He has risen! He is not here. See the place where they laid him. [7] But go, tell his disciples and Peter, ‘He is going ahead of you into Galilee. There you will see him, just as he told you.’ ”

Here are three central reasons why Easter is important to the Christian:

Resurrection of Jesus Christ:

• Easter commemorates the resurrection of Jesus Christ from the dead on the third day after His crucifixion.
• This event is the fulfillment of the promises made in the Old Testament and the definitive proof of Jesus’ divine nature.
• The resurrection is central to Christian belief because it demonstrates Jesus’ victory over sin and death, affirming the belief in life after death for all who believe in Him (1 Corinthians 15:17-20).

Foundation of Christian Faith:

• The Apostle Paul stated that if Christ has not been raised, the Christian faith is futile, and believers are still in their sins (1 Corinthians 15:17).
• The resurrection is thus foundational to the Christian faith; it validates Jesus’ teachings, His sacrificial death for the sins of humanity, and His claims of divinity.
• Without the resurrection, the crucifixion would be the end of the story, making the hope of salvation and eternal life void.

Promise of Eternal Life:

• Easter embodies the promise of eternal life for Christians.
• The resurrection of Jesus is seen as the first fruits of those who have fallen asleep (died in faith), promising believers resurrection and eternal life with God.
• This hope of resurrection and new life begins now through spiritual renewal and transformation and culminates in the believer’s own resurrection to eternal life (John 11:25-26).
• Easter, therefore, is not just a historical event to be remembered; it is a current reality that influences how Christians live their lives, offering hope, joy, and the promise of redemption and renewal.

Matthew 27:59-61

Joseph took the body, wrapped it in a clean linen cloth, and placed it in his own new tomb that he had cut out of the rock.

He rolled a big stone in front of the entrance to the tomb and went away. Mary Magdalene and the other Mary were sitting there opposite the tomb.

A Saturday Prayer

Father, We recognize the significance of Holy Saturday for the Easter season. It is not merely a day between Good Friday and Easter, but it is a day to observe in consecration of what You did for us. We leave our own agendas, our own desires, and our own pleas at the door and crave today to be still and rest in Your presence. We are so grateful for the ability to quiet our hearts and stand in Your presence, we want to come to know Your heart more this day. Thank You for sending Your Son, Jesus to die for us, and thank You that You kept Your promise that Easter Sunday. Let us not be so hurried in our own lives that we forget the glory that You brought forth that day, and every day.
In Jesus name, Amen

Early in the morning, all the chief priests and the elders of the people made their plans how to have Jesus executed. ² So they bound him, led him away and handed him over to Pilate the governor.

³ When Judas, who had betrayed him, saw that Jesus was condemned, he was seized with remorse and returned the thirty pieces of silver to the chief priests and the elders. ⁴ “I have sinned,” he said, “for I have betrayed innocent blood.”

“What is that to us?” they replied. “That’s your responsibility.”

⁵ So Judas threw the money into the temple and left. Then he went away and hanged himself.

⁶ The chief priests picked up the coins and said, “It is against the law to put this into the treasury, since it is blood money.” ⁷ So they decided to use the money to buy the potter’s field as a burial place for foreigners. ⁸ That is why it has been called the Field of Blood to this day. ⁹ Then what was spoken by Jeremiah the prophet was fulfilled: “They took the thirty pieces of silver, the price set on him by the people of Israel, ¹⁰ and they used them to buy the potter’s field, as the Lord commanded me.”^[a]

Jesus Before Pilate

¹¹ Meanwhile Jesus stood before the governor, and the governor asked him, “Are you the king of the Jews?”

“You have said so,” Jesus replied.

¹² When he was accused by the chief priests and the elders, he gave no answer. ¹³ Then Pilate asked him, “Don’t you hear the testimony they are bringing against you?” ¹⁴ But Jesus made no reply, not even to a single charge—to the great amazement of the governor.

¹⁵ Now it was the governor’s custom at the festival to release a prisoner chosen by the crowd. ¹⁶ At that time they had a well-known prisoner whose name was Jesus^[b] Barabbas. ¹⁷ So when the crowd had gathered, Pilate asked them, “Which one do you want me to release to you: Jesus Barabbas, or Jesus who is called the Messiah?” ¹⁸ For he knew it was out of self-interest that they had handed Jesus over to him.

¹⁹ While Pilate was sitting on the judge’s seat, his wife sent him this message: “Don’t have anything to do with that innocent man, for I have suffered a great deal today in a dream because of him.”

²⁰ But the chief priests and the elders persuaded the crowd to ask for Barabbas and to have Jesus executed.

²¹ “Which of the two do you want me to release to you?” asked the governor.

“Barabbas,” they answered.

²² “What shall I do, then, with Jesus who is called the Messiah?” Pilate asked.

They all answered, “Crucify him!”

²³ “Why? What crime has he committed?” asked Pilate.

But they shouted all the louder, “Crucify him!”

²⁴ When Pilate saw that he was getting nowhere, but that instead an uproar was starting, he took water and washed his hands in front of the crowd. “I am innocent of this man’s blood,” he said. “It is your responsibility!”

²⁵ All the people answered, “His blood is on us and on our children!”

²⁶ Then he released Barabbas to them. But he had Jesus flogged, and handed him over to be crucified.

The Soldiers Mock Jesus

²⁷ Then the governor’s soldiers took Jesus into the Praetorium and gathered the whole company of soldiers around him. ²⁸ They stripped him and put a scarlet robe on him, ²⁹ and then twisted together a crown of thorns and set it on his head. They put a staff in his right hand. Then they knelt in front of him and mocked him. “Hail, king of the Jews!” they said. ³⁰ They spit on him, and took the staff and struck him on the head again and again. ³¹ After they had mocked him, they took off the robe and put his own clothes on him. Then they led him away to crucify him.

The Crucifixion of Jesus

³² As they were going out, they met a man from Cyrene, named Simon, and they forced him to carry the cross. ³³ They came to a place called Golgotha (which means “the place of the skull”). ³⁴ There they offered Jesus wine to drink, mixed with gall; but after tasting it, he refused to drink it. ³⁵ When they had crucified him, they divided up his clothes by casting lots. ³⁶ And sitting down, they kept watch over him there. ³⁷ Above his head they placed the written charge against him: this is jesus, the king of the jews.

³⁸ Two rebels were crucified with him, one on his right and one on his left. ³⁹ Those who passed by hurled insults at him, shaking their heads ⁴⁰ and saying, “You who are going to destroy the temple and build it in three days, save yourself! Come down from the cross, if you are the Son of God!” ⁴¹ In the same way the chief priests, the teachers of the law and the elders mocked him. ⁴² “He saved others,” they said, “but he can’t save himself! He’s the king of Israel! Let him come down now from the cross, and we will believe in him. ⁴³ He trusts in God. Let God rescue him now if he wants him, for he said, ‘I am the Son of God.’” ⁴⁴ In the same way the rebels who were crucified with him also heaped insults on him.

The Death of Jesus

⁴⁵ From noon until three in the afternoon darkness came over all the land. ⁴⁶ About three in the afternoon Jesus cried out in a loud voice, “Eli, Eli,^[c] lema sabachthani?” (which means “My God, my God, why have you forsaken me?”).^[d]

⁴⁷ When some of those standing there heard this, they said, “He’s calling Elijah.”

⁴⁸ Immediately one of them ran and got a sponge. He filled it with wine vinegar, put it on a staff, and offered it to Jesus to drink. ⁴⁹ The rest said, “Now leave him alone. Let’s see if Elijah comes to save him.”

⁵⁰ And when Jesus had cried out again in a loud voice, he gave up his spirit.

⁵¹ At that moment the curtain of the temple was torn in two from top to bottom. The earth shook, the rocks split ⁵² and the tombs broke open. The bodies of many holy people who had died were raised to life. ⁵³ They came out of the tombs after Jesus’ resurrection and^[e] went into the holy city and appeared to many people.

⁵⁴ When the centurion and those with him who were guarding Jesus saw the earthquake and all that had happened, they were terrified, and exclaimed, “Surely he was the Son of God!”

⁵⁵ Many women were there, watching from a distance. They had followed Jesus from Galilee to care for his needs. ⁵⁶ Among them were Mary Magdalene, Mary the mother of James and Joseph,^[f] and the mother of Zebedee’s sons.

The Burial of Jesus

⁵⁷ As evening approached, there came a rich man from Arimathea, named Joseph, who had himself become a disciple of Jesus. ⁵⁸ Going to Pilate, he asked for Jesus’ body, and Pilate ordered that it be given to him. ⁵⁹ Joseph took the body, wrapped it in a clean linen cloth, ⁶⁰ and placed it in his own new tomb that he had cut out of the rock. He rolled a big stone in front of the entrance to the tomb and went away. ⁶¹ Mary Magdalene and the other Mary were sitting there opposite the tomb.